1.8 to 5.6V charge pump

STAR4000 consists of a frequency regulated voltage doubler (to produce VQQ) followed by a frequency-regulated voltage tripler (to produce VPP). The regulation loop on VPP and VQQ allows the user to program the output voltage levels of the charge pump by setting configuration bits. The charge pump output voltage levels are frequency regulated, which means that the charge pump output voltage is directly proportional to the frequency of the VCO, which generates the charge pump clocks. The VCO is a current starved ring oscillator, whose frequency can be controlled from 0-120MHz. The amount of current starving (hence speed) of the VCO, is controlled by comparing the output voltage (VPP or VQQ) to a programmable reference voltage.

The charge pump architecture itself is implemented using a switch-bootstrapped, Cockcroft-Walton architecture. Switch-bootstrapping allows improves the drive capability and increases efficiency by preventing short-circuit losses. The Cockcroft-Walton architecture allows the use of standard CMOS logic devices, without the need to resorting to a high-voltage process. This allows the user to save on the cost of adding an extra (often expensive) mask layer. In order to prevent over-voltage issues with the charge-pump, integrated over-voltage protection structures are added to ensure reliable operation at high voltage levels.

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